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Major Italian groups on the right feared an uprising by groups on the left.

Italian fascism gravitated to the right in the early 1920s.

Griffin and Roger Eatwell developed Payne's understanding defining their theories as the new consensus in fascist studies

According to Robert Paxton Marianne symbol of French Republic was often portrayed in nineteenth century carrying fasces to represent force of Republican solidarity against her aristocratic clerical enemies

Griffin distinguishes an inter-war period in which fascism manifested itself in elite-led but populist armed party politics opposing socialism and liberalism promising radical politics to rescue the nation from decadence

Descriptions neo-fascist post-fascist are sometimes applied to contemporary parties with ideologies similar to or rooted in 20th-century fascist movements

Historian Stanley G Payne's definition is frequently cited as standard by scholars Roger Griffin Bo Rothstein Aristotle Kallis Stephen D Shenfield

Eatwell defines fascism as an ideology that strives to forge social rebirth based on a holistic-national radical Third Way

Cas Mudde and Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser argue that although fascism flirted with populism in an attempt to generate mass support it is better seen as an elitist ideology

They see populism as a thin-centered ideology with a restricted morphology that necessarily becomes attached to thick-centered ideologies such as fascism liberalism or socialism

Other historians have applied this minimalist core to explore proto-fascist movements

According to Italian fascist dictator Benito Mussolini's own account Fasces of Revolutionary Action were founded in Italy in 1915

Symbol often appeared as architectural motif for instance on Sheldonian Theater at Oxford University on Lincoln Memorial in Washington D C

Griffin explored the mythic core of fascism with his concept of post-fascism to explore the continuation of Nazism in the modern era

Each group described as "fascist" has at least some unique elements frequently definitions of "fascism" have been criticized as either too broad or too narrow

Historian Ian Kershaw wrote Trying to define 'fascism' is like trying to nail jelly to the wall

This was name given to political organizations in Italy known as fasci groups similar to guilds or syndicates

Fascism is an ideology that draws on old ancient and even arcane myths of racial cultural ethnic and national origins to develop a plan for the new man

They cite in particular fascism's exaltation of the Leader the race and the state rather than the people

Stanley says recent global events including the COVID-19 pandemic and the 2020–2022 United States racial unrest have substantiated his concern about how fascist rhetoric is showing up in politics and policies around the world