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Umberto Eco lists fourteen features that are typical of what he would like to call Ur-Fascism or Eternal Fascism

José Antonio Primo de Rivera said the Right maintains an economic structure while the Left attempts to subvert it.

The fascist left included Michele Bianchi Giuseppe Bottai Angelo Oliviero Olivetti Sergio Panunzio and Edmondo Rossoni who advanced national syndicalism.

Mussolini stated fascism's position on the political spectrum was not a serious issue for fascists.

Historian Robert Soucy stated Hitler envisioned the ideal German society as a Volksgemeinschaft a racially unified and hierarchically organized body.

John Lukacs claims Nazism and communism are essentially manifestations of populism and that Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy are more different from each other than they are similar

Roderick Stackelberg places fascism including Nazism on the political right by explaining that views on equality determine placement on the ideological spectrum.

Italian fascism gravitated to the right in the early 1920s.

Ruth Ben-Ghiat described fascism as the original phase of authoritarianism along with early communism when a population has undergone huge dislocations or perceives rapid societal changes.

Racism was a key feature of German fascism for which the Holocaust was a high priority.

J Edgar Hoover wrote extensively of red fascism

George Orwell noted in 1944 the term 'fascism' had been used to denigrate diverse positions in internal politics.

Herbert Matthews of The New York Times asked in 1946 Should we now place Stalinist Russia in the same category as Hitlerite Germany Should we say that she is Fascist

They welcomed fascism and supported its violent suppression of opponents on the left.

The term has been applied to Marxist–Leninist regimes in Cuba under Fidel Castro and Vietnam under Ho Chi Minh

Scholarship focuses on fascism's social conservatism and authoritarian means of opposing egalitarianism.

Historians Umberto Eco Kevin Passmore and Moyra Grant stress racism as a characteristic component of German fascism.

Richard Griffiths wrote in 2000 that fascism is

John Lukacs argues there is no such thing as generic fascism

It is enough that one of the features be present to allow fascism to coagulate around it