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Griffin distinguishes an inter-war period in which fascism manifested itself in elite-led but populist armed party politics opposing socialism and liberalism promising radical politics to rescue the nation from decadence

Griffin and Roger Eatwell developed Payne's understanding defining their theories as the new consensus in fascist studies

Historian Stanley G Payne's definition is frequently cited as standard by scholars Roger Griffin Bo Rothstein Aristotle Kallis Stephen D Shenfield

Eatwell defines fascism as an ideology that strives to forge social rebirth based on a holistic-national radical Third Way

According to Robert Paxton Marianne symbol of French Republic was often portrayed in nineteenth century carrying fasces to represent force of Republican solidarity against her aristocratic clerical enemies

Descriptions neo-fascist post-fascist are sometimes applied to contemporary parties with ideologies similar to or rooted in 20th-century fascist movements

They cite in particular fascism's exaltation of the Leader the race and the state rather than the people

Jason Stanley defined fascism as a cult of the leader who promises national restoration in the face of humiliation brought on by supposed communists Marxists and minorities and immigrants who are supposedly posing a threat to the character and the history of a nation the leader proposes that only he can solve it and all of his political opponents are enemies or traitors

Stanley says recent global events including the COVID-19 pandemic and the 2020–2022 United States racial unrest have substantiated his concern about how fascist rhetoric is showing up in politics and policies around the world

Fascism views forms of violence as means to national rejuvenation

Fascism is characterized by dictatorial leader centralized autocracy militarism forcible suppression of opposition belief in natural social hierarchy subordination of individual interests for perceived interest of nation or race strong regimentation of society economy

Fascists saw World War I as revolution that brought massive changes to nature of war society state technology

Fascists often advocate for establishment of totalitarian one-party state for dirigiste economy with principal goal of achieving autarky

War resulted in rise of powerful state capable of mobilizing millions of people to serve on front lines providing logistics to support them having unprecedented authority to intervene in lives of citizens

During World War II genocidal imperialist ambitions of fascist Axis powers resulted in murder of millions of people

Fascism emphasizes both palingenesis modernity when deemed compatible with national rebirth

Fascism had adherents outside Europe

Advent of total war mass mobilization of society erased distinction between civilians combatants

In case of Nazism this involved racial purity master race which blended with variant of racism discrimination against demonized "Other" such as Jews other groups

Marginalized groups targeted by fascists include various ethnicities races religious groups sexual gender minorities immigrants