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Rick Duke is a former deputy to the special presidential envoy for climate, president of Gigaton Strategies, and a visiting professor at the University of Maryland Center for Global Sustainability.

Nigel Purvis is the CEO of Climate Advisers, a former senior U.S. climate negotiator, and a professor at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy.

Solar radiation modification is a strategy that involves injecting reflective particles into the stratosphere to dim incoming sunlight.

Solar radiation modification interventions would not stop the buildup of climate pollution or the ocean acidification it causes.

A few dozen industrial plants account for most of the world’s industrial nitrous oxide emissions.

The authors advise that governments should substantially increase research on solar radiation modification and other climate interventions but should not deploy them at this time.

On November 30, 2015, Indonesian President Joko Widodo, Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, Microsoft CEO Bill Gates, U.S. President Barack Obama, French President Francois Hollande, and Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi posed together on the opening day of the UN Climate Change Conference (COP21) in Le Bourget, France.

The authors advise that wealthy nations should help the poorest nations withstand climate-fueled disasters.

The authors recommend new capital investments in international financial institutions and new regulations to compel private creditors to pause debt repayments for poor nations after climate-related disasters.

Every five-year delay in eliminating carbon dioxide from the energy and industrial economy adds approximately one-tenth of a degree Celsius to the eventual peak global warming.

The authors advise that pay-for-performance financial incentives for tropical forest countries should make a standing forest more valuable than converting it to farmland.

The equipment needed to stop methane leaks from oil and gas operations is readily available and often pays for itself through the sale of captured gas.

Implementing standards on a few dozen adipic acid facilities, primarily in China, could reduce China's total greenhouse gas emissions by over 2 percent.

Landfills and food waste are significant sources of methane, and affordable solutions exist to address these emissions.

The European Union has adopted trade bans on agricultural commodities that are produced in ways that cause harm to forests.

Nitrous oxide from nylon and fertilizer factories, and hydrofluorocarbons from refrigeration and air conditioning, are classified as super pollutants.

Between 2015 and 2022, Indonesia reduced its primary forest loss by almost two-thirds under President Joko Widodo's administration.

During President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva’s first two terms in office, Brazil reduced Amazon deforestation by approximately 80 percent.

Brazil, Indonesia, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo collectively account for over half of all global emissions from land use.

Under President Jair Bolsonaro's administration, Amazon deforestation in Brazil increased by 60 percent.