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The University of California, San Francisco team's BCI method involves surgically placing electrodes on the brain's surface.

A study by Dr. Chang's team in Nature Neuroscience found a single electrode array could decode speech and gesture signals simultaneously in three paralyzed patients.

The BCI approach of Paradromics and Neuralink involves implanting electrodes below the brain's surface.

The results from Paradromics reported on September 14, 2026, have not been peer-reviewed or published in a journal.

Paradromics' CSO Vikash Gilja stated the BCI system worked equally well when the patient whispered.

Paradromics CEO Matt Angle said the company's system can differentiate between brain signals for various communication-related activities.

Dr. Edward Chang's lab and other researchers have previously enabled patients to produce spontaneous speech using brain-computer interfaces.

Much previous BCI research required patients to be connected to a computer via a cable attached to a port in their head.

Dr. Edward Chang is the chairman of neurological surgery at UCSF, is not involved in the Paradromics trial, and his lab has pioneered BCI technology.

Dr. William Marks stated the Paradromics clinical trial will enroll 10 patients with disorders causing speech and limb paralysis, like stroke and ALS.

The first patient in the Paradromics trial was implanted with the Connexus B.C.I. system, containing over 400 electrodes, in June at University of Michigan Health.

The first patient in the Paradromics trial has primary lateral sclerosis.

The Paradromics brain-computer interface system is wireless and does not require a cord to connect to a computer.

A 68-year-old Michigan woman with limited speaking ability used the Paradromics device for spontaneous conversations, including phone calls.

Paradromics announced its brain implant enabled a patient with a paralyzing disorder to converse in real time by decoding imagined speech.

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