The Conversation

China's deep synthesis provisions, effective from January 2023, extended regulation to synthetic (AI-generated) text, images, audio, and video.

“China’s deep synthesis provisions, effective from January 2023, extended regulation to synthetic (or AI-generated) text, images, audio and video.”

The interim measures for generative artificial intelligence services were introduced in August 2023.

“The interim measures for generative artificial intelligence services were introduced in August 2023.”

The US Carnegie Endowment for International Peace thinktank described China's AI safety governance framework 3.0 as an attempt to advance frontier safety without the need for heavy-handed regulatory interventions.

“An independent analysis by the US Carnegie Endowment for International Peace thinktank has described the framework as China’s attempt to “to advance frontier safety without the need for heavy handed regulatory interventions”.”

The AI safety governance framework 3.0 sets out a broad approach to identifying, grading, and responding to risks throughout the lifecycle of AI systems.

“Beijing’s latest set of measures is called the AI safety governance framework 3.0, published in September 2026. It sets out a broad approach to identifying, grading and responding to risks throughout the lifecycle of AI systems.”

Hangzhou, the capital of China's Zhejiang Province, is home to several prominent AI companies, including DeepSeek.

“Hangzhou, the capital of China’s Zhejiang Province, is home to several prominent AI companies, including DeepSeek.”

Dario Amodei's proposal for AI regulation begins with independent evaluators embedded inside AI companies, moves on to regulation, and progresses to government-backed coordination among democratic states.

“His proposal begins with independent evaluators embedded inside AI companies, moves on to regulation and progresses to government-backed coordination among democratic states.”

Beijing's 2022 rules on algorithmic recommendation services apply to technologies that select, rank, filter, or recommend online content to users.

“Beijing’s 2022 rules on algorithmic recommendation services apply to technologies that select, rank, filter or recommend online content to users.”

Madrid operates a more market-oriented housing model, whereas the Catalan government has implemented more extensive housing regulations.

“Madrid has a more market-oriented model, while the Catalan government has adopted more extensive housing regulations.”

The 2023 Housing Act allowed Spanish regions to implement rent caps in designated "stressed areas" and provided enhanced tenant protections.

“This culminated in the 2023 Housing Act, Spain’s first state law on the right to housing. The Act enabled regions to establish rent caps in designated “stressed areas”, alongside stronger tenant protections.”

A housing decree approved by Spain's central government in March was rejected by Congress.

“A housing decree approved by the central government in March was rejected by Congress, while a proposal circulated in July did not get enough parliamentary support to be put to a vote.”

Some autonomous regions in Spain have utilized their autonomy to deter large landowners from holding empty homes, regulate tourist accommodation, and enhance eviction protections.

“Some have used their autonomy to discourage large landowners from keeping empty homes, or to regulate tourist accommodation and strengthen protections for people facing eviction.”

Article 47 of Spain's Constitution recognizes the right to "decent and adequate" housing.

“Article 47 of Spain’s Constitution recognises the right to “decent and adequate” housing, and requires public authorities to create the “conditions necessary to make that right effective”.”

Social housing in Spain constitutes between 1.5% and 3.3% of the total housing stock, with regional variations.

“Estimates put social housing at between 1,5% to 3,3% of the housing stock, varying across regions.”

Spain inherited a housing model from the Francoist dictatorship that historically prioritized home ownership.

“Spain inherited a housing model from the Francoist dictatorship, which was historically oriented towards home ownership through a combination of subsidised mortgages, tax incentives and systematic privatisation of publicly funded housing.”

The 2008 financial crash highlighted the deficiencies in Spain's housing system in public discourse.

“The financial crash of 2008 brought this gap to the centre of the public debate.”

Housing rights activism in Spain led to the issue being placed on the political agenda, resulting in reforms from 2013 onwards at regional and central government levels.

“Housing rights activism pushed the issue onto the political agenda, prompting reforms from 2013 onward, at both the regional and central level.”

Maricarmen Abascal's landlord, a private investment fund, agreed to an eight-year tenancy with limited rent for her return after a week of negotiations and protests.

“Following a week of negotiations and widespread demonstrations, Maricarmen’s landlord – a private investment fund that had hiked her rent by 230% – agreed to let her return under a new eight-year tenancy with limited rent.”

Maricarmen Abascal was forcibly removed from her building and transported to a hospital on a stretcher.

“She was eventually forcibly removed from the building, and taken to hospital on a stretcher.”

By the evening of September 28, 2026, thousands of people had gathered in Madrid, carrying signs and chanting, according to footage from the tenants' union and Reuters.

María del Carmen Abascal, after being evicted from her apartment, appeared in a video from a hospital bed urging Spaniards to 'fight' for their homes.