PubMed

In a pilot field study, 2.6% of individuals provided feedback to a survey administrator with food or lipstick on their face.

“For example, only 2.6% of individuals in a pilot field study provided feedback to a survey administrator who had food or lipstick on their face.”

Five experiments involving 1,984 participants identified that people underestimate how much others want to receive constructive feedback.

“Five experiments (N = 1,984) identify a possible reason for the lack of feedback: People underestimate how much others want to receive constructive feedback.”

In two fMRI studies, human SN/VTA activations were driven by stimulus novelty, while hippocampal responses were less selective.

“In two functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies, SN/VTA activations in humans were indeed driven by stimulus novelty rather than other forms of stimulus salience such as rareness, negative emotional valence, or targetness of familiar stimuli, whereas hippocampal responses were less selective.”

SN/VTA novelty responses were found to be scaled by absolute novelty, not relative novelty.

“SN/VTA novelty responses were scaled according to absolute rather than relative novelty in a given context, unlike adaptive SN/VTA responses recently reported for reward outcome in animal studies.”

Novelty was found to enhance learning and the processing of familiar items in the perirhinal/parahippocampal regions.

“Finally, novelty enhanced learning and perirhinal/parahippocampal processing of familiar items presented in the same context.”

The human SN/VTA can code absolute stimulus novelty.

“Thus, the human SN/VTA can code absolute stimulus novelty and might contribute to enhancing learning in the context of novelty.”

Novelty exploration in animals can enhance hippocampal plasticity via dopaminergic neuromodulation from the SN/VTA.

“Novelty exploration can enhance hippocampal plasticity in animals through dopaminergic neuromodulation arising in the substantia nigra/ventral tegmental area (SN/VTA).”

The enhancement of hippocampal plasticity from novelty exploration can last for several minutes after the exploration phase.

“This enhancement can outlast the exploration phase by several minutes.”