Politics

In Germany it contributed to the rise of the Nazi Party which resulted in the demise of the Weimar Republic and the establishment of Nazi Germany under Adolf Hitler

Nazis attempted a March on Berlin which resulted in the failed Beer Hall Putsch in Munich in November 1923

Pacification of Libya resulted in mass killings use of concentration camps and forced starvation of thousands of people

In the Netherlands the National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands was at its height in the 1930s due to the Great Depression especially in 1935 when it won almost eight percent of votes until the year 1937

Fascist propaganda blamed the problems of the 1930s depression on minorities and scapegoats

The fascist Iron Guard movement in Romania soared in political support after 1933 gaining representation in the Romanian government and an Iron Guard member assassinated Romanian prime minister Ion Duca

In the Americas the Brazilian Integralists led by Plínio Salgado claimed as many as 200000 members although following coup attempts it faced a crackdown from the Estado Novo of Getúlio Vargas in 1937

In 1920s Fascist Italy pursued aggressive foreign policy that included ambitions to expand Italian territory.

In response to revolt in Italian colony of Libya Fascist Italy abandoned previous liberal-era colonial policy of cooperation with local leaders.

Italian Fascists sought to settle 10 to 15 million Italians in Libya

Adolf Hitler modeled himself and the Nazi Party upon Mussolini and the Fascists after the March on Rome

With the rise of Hitler and the Nazis to power in 1933 liberal democracy was dissolved in Germany and the Nazis mobilized the country for war

Hungarian fascist Gyula Gömbös rose to power as Prime Minister of Hungary in 1932 and attempted to entrench his Unity Party

In 1929 fascist regime gained blessing of Catholic Church after signing Lateran Treaty which gave papacy state sovereignty financial compensation for seizure of Church lands but within two years Church renounced fascism in Encyclical Non Abbiamo Bisogno.

Mussolini proclaimed himself dictator of Italy assuming full responsibility over government announcing dismissal of parliament.

Nazis in Germany employed similar anti-clerical policies.

He took position that papacy was malignant tumor in Italy must be rooted out because there was no room in Rome for Pope and himself.

Gestapo confiscated hundreds of monasteries in Austria and Germany evicted clergymen laymen alike often replaced crosses with swastikas.

Referring to swastika as "Devil's Cross" church leaders found youth organizations banned meetings limited Catholic periodicals censored or banned.

Government officials found it necessary to place Nazis into editorial positions in Catholic press.